METASTATIC CANCER (METASTASIS)
10 May 2023 (Updated 27 December 2023)
Image Source: Pereira, Kaitlin. Illustration of metastatic cancer spread (2023). https://imbri.org.za/metastatic-cancer/
WHAT IS METASTATIC CANCER?
Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from the site of origin to distant parts of the body. It is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In general, metastatic cancer is commonly referred to as stage 4 cancer and typically exhibits characteristics that are similar to that of the primary or original tumor, which is how doctors are able to determine that the cancer has spread.
HOW DOES METASTASIS OCCUR?
Metastasis is an incredibly complex process that relies on several processes within the cell and its surroundings that will promote the invasion and migration of tumor cells. Metastasis could take years to develop; however, it is also possible that it could take a few months or weeks – the time it takes for cancer to spread to secondary sites around the body depends on several factors such as the type, stage or grade of the tumor.
The process of metastasis starts when cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, invade nearby lymph or blood vessels and enter the circulatory system. Once the circulatory system has been infiltrated, the cancer cells then travel to other parts of the body where they attach to a new site and grow uncontrollably; resulting in the formation of a metastatic nodule that develops into a secondary tumor.
COMMON SITES OF METASTASIS AND SYMPTOMS
All cancers have the potential to become metastatic. Common sites of metastasis are the lungs, liver and bone. In some cases, metastatic cancer presents as asymptomatic, whereas in others, the symptoms tend to vary based on the location of the metastasis. For instance, symptoms associated with metastatic bone cancer include pain and fractures, or weakness in the legs and arms. Symptoms associated with metastatic lung cancer include cough, shortness of breath and chest pain; however, these symptoms are ambiguous as it could also indicate other health conditions. Metastatic liver cancer symptoms include jaundice, unexplained weight loss, nausea or vomiting, amongst others.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment for metastatic cancer depends on various factors, such as:
- the type of tumor,
- the stage of disease,
- the general health of the patient,
- previous treatments, and
- the patient’s wishes.
General treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy or targeted therapy. It is important though to consider how the treatment will affect quality of life, including the potential benefits and side effects.
In some cases, the treatment can relieve the symptoms of the cancer, or result in tumor shrinkage or slow its growth. Nevertheless, even though some treatments may prolong survival, in many cases it cannot eliminate the cancer completely.
NOTE:
If you have been diagnosed with terminal cancer, it is very important to speak to your health care provider if you have questions regarding your diagnosis and the options available, so that you can decide what is best for you.
REFERENCES
- American Cancer Society Editorial Board (2020). Understanding Advanced and Metastatic Cancer. Available: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/advanced-cancer/what-is.html Accessed 19/04/2023.
- Coghlin C, Murray GI (2010). Current and emerging concepts in tumour metastasis. J. Pathol. 222:1– 15.
- Martin TA, Ye L, Sanders AJ, Lane J, Jiang WG (2013). Cancer invasion and metastasis: molecular and cellular perspective. Metastat. Cancer: Clin. Biol. Perspect. Rahul Jandial (ed.). Landes Bioscience. Available from: http://www.landesbioscience.com Accessed on 19/04/2023.
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Editorial Board (2022). Metastatic and Metastasized Cancers: Answers to 7 Common Questions. Available: https://www.mskcc.org/news/what-are-metastatic-and-metastasized-cancers Accessed 19/04/2023.
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The content provided is for educational purposes and is not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health providers with any questions you may have relating to a medical condition.
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